Abusive Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and Associated Factors in Brazilian University Students.

The university is considered an environment that favors the initiation and use of substances, especially those that are legal, such as alcohol. This consumption can be differentiated in university students, which makes it necessary to better understand this behavior. Taking into account these aspects, we analyzed the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages in university students and its association with socioeconomic and behavioral factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study with regularly enrolled students. We assessed the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages using the binge drinking pattern. We collected socioeconomic and behavioral data using a questionnaire. The association between the variables was verified using logistic regression. Abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages was high, with a high weekly frequency. The association with sociodemographic and behavioral factors can increase the health risk. Education campaigns within institutions with students in the classroom and with all those who can influence these students are important. As there are few studies that consider other health risk factors that have not been analyzed yet, such as those treated in our study, with the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverages, this study seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the relationships between these variables and in the elaboration of actions aimed at improving the lifestyle and health of university students.

Effects of Calendula officinalis extract on liver histopathology, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in rats submitted to a diet rich in cholesterol and carbohydrates.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the modulatory properties of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (C. officinalis) extract on cafeteria diet-fed rats. METHODS: A cafeteria diet was administered ad libitum for 45 days to induce dyslipidemia. Then, the rats were treated with the formulations containing C. officinalis in the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg or only with the vehicle formulation; the control group received a commercial ration. RESULTS: The cafeteria diet decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and high-density lipoprotein plasmatic levels and damaged the hepatic architecture. The C. officinalis extract was able to reduce lipid infiltration in liver tissue and to modulate oxidative stress and lipid profile markers. CONCLUSIONS: The correlations between the variables suggest a pathological connection between oxidative stress markers and serum lipid profile.

Effects of Calendula officinalis extract on liver histopathology, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in rats submitted to a diet rich in cholesterol and carbohydrates

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the modulatory properties of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (C. officinalis) extract on cafeteria diet-fed rats. Methods: A cafeteria diet was administered ad libitum for 45 days to induce dyslipidemia. Then, the rats were treated with the formulations containing C. officinalis in the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg or only with the vehicle formulation; the control group received a commercial ration. Results: The cafeteria diet decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and high-density lipoprotein plasmatic levels and damaged the hepatic architecture. The C. officinalis extract was able to reduce lipid infiltration in liver tissue and to modulate oxidative stress and lipid profile markers. Conclusions: The correlations between the variables suggest a pathological connection between oxidative stress markers and serum lipid profile.

Factors associated with the lethality of patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 in Brazil.

Due to the high rates of transmission and deaths due to COVID-19, understanding the factors associated with its occurrence, as well as monitoring and implementing control measures should be priority actions in health surveillance, highlighting the use of epidemiological surveillance information systems as an important ally. Thus, the objectives of this study were to calculate the mortality rate of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 and to identify factors associated with death, in the period corresponding to epidemiological weeks 01 to 53 of the year 2020. This was a longitudinal study, using the national influenza epidemiological surveillance information system database, routinely collected by healthcare services. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 563,051 hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 in the five regions of Brazil were analyzed. Cox regression was performed to assess factors associated with patient death during hospitalization. The national lethality rate was 35.7%, and the highest rates of lethality occurred in the Northeast (44.3%) and North (41.2%) regions. During the hospital stay, death was associated with older age (Hazard Ratio-HR = 1.026; p<0.001); male sex (HR = 1.052; p<0.001); living in the North (HR = 1.429; p<0.001), Northeast (HR = 1.271; p<0.001) or Southeast regions of Brazil (HR = 1.040; p<0.001), presenting any risk factor (HR = 1.129; p< 0.001), the use of invasive (HR = 2.865; p<0.001) or noninvasive (HR = 1.401; p<0.001) mechanical ventilation devices. A high case lethality rate was evidenced in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19, however, deaths were not evenly distributed across the country's regions, being heavily concentrated in the Northeast and North regions. Older male patients living in the North, Northeast, or Southeast regions of Brazil, who presented any risk factor and were submitted to the use of invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation devices, presented a higher risk of evolving to death.

Hospitalizations and mortality by severe acute respiratory syndrome: comparison between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics and the factors associated with mortality of cases hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome in a health region, in pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. METHODS: A retrospective documentary study of epidemiological surveillance carried out with secondary data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, regarding the cases of patients belonging to a health region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. RESULTS: During the pandemic period, there was an increase in the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome, in addition to differences between sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological characteristics. In both periods, the age and the use of invasive ventilatory support were the predictors of hospital mortality. The mortality in the pandemic period was also associated with male gender, presence of risk factors, admission to an intensive care unit, use of non-invasive ventilatory support, and infection by COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: In 2020, the detection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome was 21 times higher than in 2019 and new symptoms, such as anosmia and ageusia, were included in their investigation. In both periods evaluated, elderly patients and patients on invasive mechanical ventilation had a higher risk of mortality. With the pandemic, there was a greater number of hospitalizations and factors associated with mortality.

"COVID toes": A meta-analysis of case and observational studies on clinical, histopathological, and laboratory findings.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is related to several extrapulmonary disorders; however, little is known about the clinical, laboratory, and histopathological characteristics of pernio-like skin lesions associated with COVID-19 infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and summarize the clinical, laboratory, and histopathological characteristics of pernio-like lesions reported in the literature. METHODS: We conducted a search of the PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases for articles published between January 1, 2020 and November 30, 2020, following the PRISMA recommendations (PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42020225055). The target population was individuals with suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with pernio-like lesions. Observational studies, research letters, and case/series reports were all eligible for inclusion. Observational studies were evaluated using a random-effects model to calculate the weighted mean prevalence, overall mean, and 95% confidence interval. We evaluated case studies using the chi-square test for dichotomous variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients from case reports and 715 patients from 18 observational studies were included. The mean age of patients was 16.6 years (range 14.5-18.8). Feet were affected in 91.4% (87.0-94.4%) of patients in observational studies. The proportion of patients with a positive RT-PCR test was less than 15%. Lesion topography and morphology were associated with age. CONCLUSION: Lesions mostly occurred in pediatric patients, and the morphological characteristics tended to differ between pediatric and non-pediatric populations. There is a possible multifactorial component in lesion pathophysiology. The non-positivity of laboratory tests does not exclude an association with COVID-19. Pernio-like lesions may be a late manifestation of COVID-19.

Conhecimento geral, atitude psicológica e sua associação com a concentração de HbA1C em pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / General knowledge, psychological attitude and its association with the concentration of HbA1C in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objetivo: Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença relacionada a várias complicações e alta morbimortalidade, com comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida do paciente, afetando sua saúde física e mental, bem como sua motivação ao autocuidado. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento geral e a atitude psicológica para o DM, correlacionando a concentração de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1C) com escores do DKN-A e ATT-19 de pacientes portadores de DM tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal com amostra de 65 participantes, 24,6% homens e 75,4% mulheres, com idade média de 57±12, avaliados entre novembro/2016 e fevereiro/2017. A avaliação do conhecimento geral e da atitude psicológica para o DM foi realizada pela aplicação do Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKN-A) e do Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). O SPSS 20.0 foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: Para os escores de conhecimento (r=0,005; p=0,966) e de atitude (r=0,034; p=0,790) não houve correlação significante com a HbA1C, sendo que (94%) dos pacientes não atingiram o ponto de corte do ATT-19. Considerando o grupo com pontuação >8 para o escore de conhecimento, foi observada diferença negativa e significativa entre este escore e o de atitude (r=-0,444; p=0,0018). Conclusão: O conhecimento em relação à doença não traduziu em melhor controle da glicemia na população estudada, sugerindo que o controle eficiente da HbA1C não depende exclusivamente do conhecimento sobre a doença, mas sim de diversos outros fatores, que também precisam ser considerados na conduta do DM2.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease related to several complications and high morbidity and mortality, with significant impairment of the patient's quality of life, affecting his physical and mental health, as well as his motivation to self-care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude about type 2 DM (DM2) in its patients, correlating Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKN-A) and Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire (ATT-19) scores with the concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Methods: Cross-sectional observational study with a sample of 65 participants, 24.6% male and 75.4% female, with a mean age of 57 ± 12, with low schooling, between November / 2016 and February / 2017. The evaluation of the knowledge and attitude about DM was carried out by the application of the DKN-A and ATT-19. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were no statistically significant correlations with HbA1c (r = 0.005, p = 0.966) and attitude (r = 0.034, p = 0.790), and 61 patients (94%) did not reach the cutoff point of ATT-19. Considering the group with scores higher than 8 points for the knowledge score, a negative and significant correlation was observed between this score and the attitude score (r = -0.444; p = 0.0018). Conclusion: Knowledge and attitude towards the disease did not translate into better glycemic control in the study population. The efficient control of HbA1c is multifactorial, involving genetic, comorbid, behavioral, drugs, health services, among others, that should be considered in the conduct.

Fatores associados ao consumo de alimentos segundo o grau de processamento na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Factors associated with the consumption of food according to the degree of processing in the Primary Health Care

Introdução: O consumo alimentar de uma população pode estar relacionado a fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de estilo de vida, podendo sua qualidade ser avaliada de acordo com o grau de processamento de alimentos proposto pela Classificação NOVA. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos de acordo com o grau de processamento entre usuários da atenção primária à saúde em relação às condições socioeconômicas, demográficas e de estilo de vida. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre setembro de 2019 e março de 2020, com adultos e idosos usuários da atenção primária à saúde no município de Guidoval-MG. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas e um questionário de frequência alimentar qualitativo, no qual os alimentos foram classificados conforme a classificação NOVA. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, permanecendo no modelo final as variáveis com nível de significância menor que 5%. A medida de efeito utilizada foi a razão de prevalência com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 361 indivíduos. Foi encontrada maior prevalência de consumo regular de alimentos ultraprocessados entre indivíduos negros, residentes em localidades urbanas, solteiros e com maior nível socioeconômico. O maior consumo regular de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados foi associado à cor de pele branca, maior escolaridade e a prática de atividade física. Conclusões: Fatores individuais e contextuais estudados influenciaram o consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e de ultraprocessados, sugerindo a necessidade de maior intervenção em grupos populacionais específicos e ressaltando a importância de se adotar uma alimentação saudável. (AU)

Introduction: The consumption of a population can be related to socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle factors, and its quality can be assessed according to the degree of food processing proposed by the NOVA Classification. Objective: Assess food consumption according to the degree of processing among users of primary health care in relation to socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted between September 2019 and March 2020, with adults and elderly users of primary health care in the city of Guidoval-MG. We elaborated a structured questionnaire with socioeconomic and demographic variables and a qualitative food frequency questionnaire, in which foods were classified according to the NOVA classification. We made Poisson regression with robust variance, remaining in the final model as variables with a significance level of less than 5%. We used the prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval as measure of effect. Results: We took 361 requests. We found a higher prevalence of regular consumption of ultra-processed foods among black individuals, living in urban areas, single and with higher socioeconomic status. Higher regular consumption of in natura or minimally processed foods was associated with white skin color, higher educational level and the practice of physical activity. Conclusions: Individual and contextual factors studied influence the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods, suggesting the need for greater intervention in specific population groups and emphasizing the importance of adopting a healthy diet. (AU)

Hospitalizations and mortality by severe acute respiratory syndrome: comparison between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods / Internações hospitalares e mortalidade por síndrome respiratória aguda grave: comparação entre os períodos pré-pandêmico e pandêmico

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the characteristics and the factors associated with mortality of cases hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome in a health region, in pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Methods: A retrospective documentary study of epidemiological surveillance carried out with secondary data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, regarding the cases of patients belonging to a health region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results: During the pandemic period, there was an increase in the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome, in addition to differences between sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological characteristics. In both periods, the age and the use of invasive ventilatory support were the predictors of hospital mortality. The mortality in the pandemic period was also associated with male gender, presence of risk factors, admission to an intensive care unit, use of non-invasive ventilatory support, and infection by COVID-19. Conclusions: In 2020, the detection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome was 21 times higher than in 2019 and new symptoms, such as anosmia and ageusia, were included in their investigation. In both periods evaluated, elderly patients and patients on invasive mechanical ventilation had a higher risk of mortality. With the pandemic, there was a greater number of hospitalizations and factors associated with mortality.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as características e os fatores associados à mortalidade dos casos hospitalizados por Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave em uma regional de saúde, nos períodos pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo documental de vigilância epidemiológica realizado com dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe, referentes aos casos de pacientes pertencentes a uma regional de saúde de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Resultados: Observou-se, no período pandêmico, aumento do número de hospitalizações e óbitos por Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave, além de diferenças entre as características sociodemográficas e clínico-epidemiológicas. Em ambos os períodos, comportaram-se como preditores da mortalidade hospitalar a idade e o uso de suporte ventilatório invasivo. A mortalidade no período pandêmico associou-se também a sexo masculino, presença de fatores de risco, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, uso de suporte ventilatório não invasivo e infecção por COVID-19. Conclusões: Em 2020, a taxa detecção de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave foi 21 vezes maior do que em 2019 e novos sintomas, como a anosmia e ageusia, foram incluídos em sua investigação. Nos dois períodos avaliados, pacientes idosos e em ventilação mecânica invasiva apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade. Com a pandemia, houve maior número de hospitalizações e fatores associados à mortalidade.

Número de passos diário e sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em professores / Daily steps and their association with cardiometabolic risk factors in teachers

RESUMO As DCV são as principais causas de morbimortalidade mundial, sendo o sedentarismo um dos principais fatores de risco para seu desenvolvimento. Assim, esta investigação teve como objetivo avaliar o número de passos diários e sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólicos (FRCV) em professores. Foram avaliados o número de passos diários, parâmetros antropométricos, hemodinâmicos e bioquímicos de 150 professores, divididos em Dois grupos (G1 < 10000 passos e G2 ≥ 10000 passos). Para determinar a associação e magnitude desta entre FRCV e níveis insuficientes de atividade física foram utilizados o teste qui quadrado e razão de chances. Correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para verificar a relação entre o número de passos e as demais variáveis e curvas ROC para avaliar o ponto de corte de passos diários em relação a cada FRCV. Entre os docentes avaliados, 42% eram ativos fisicamente, apresentando melhor perfil antropométrico, hemodinâmico e bioquímico. Hipertensão arterial e dislipidemias foram os FRCV que apresentaram associação com a condição de baixo número de passos. O ponto de corte de número de passos indicou valores superiores a 12,500 passos/dia para proteção contra os FRCV. Assim, a maioria dos docentes era insuficientemente ativa, destacando que aqueles que atingiram 10000 passos por dia de média, apresentaram um melhor perfil cardiometabólico.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, with a sedentary lifestyle being one of the main risk factors for its development. Thus, this investigation aimed to evaluate the number of daily steps and their association with cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) in teachers. The number of daily steps, anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters of 150 teachers were evaluated, divided into two groups (G1 <10,000 steps and G2 ≥ 10,000 steps). To determine the association and magnitude of this between CRF and insufficient levels of physical activity, the chi square test and odds ratio were used. Pearson's correlation was used to verify the relationship between the number of steps and the other variables and ROC curves to assess the cutoff point of daily steps in relation to each CRF. Among the teachers evaluated, 42% were physically active, with a better anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical profile. Arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia were the CRF that were associated with the condition of low number of steps. The cut-off point for the number of steps indicated values greater than 12,500 steps/day for protection against CRF. Thus, most teachers were insufficiently active, highlighting that those who reached 10,000 steps per day on average, had a better cardiometabolic profile.

Capacidade funcional e risco de quedas em idosos com síndrome metabólica / Functional capacity and risk of falls in the elderly with metabolic syndrome / Capacidad funcional y riesgo de caídas en ancianos con síndrome metabólico

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é a anormalidade metabólica mais comum na população que predispõe a eventos cardiovasculares e pode estar relacionada à baixa aptidão física e baixa capacidade funcional em idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interferência das alterações metabólicas na capacidade funcional e no risco de quedas em idosos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 126 idosos, sendo 58 com síndrome metabólica e 68 sem síndrome metabólica, segundo os critérios da International Diabetes Federation. Os índices de Katz, Tinetti, Timed Up e Go e Berg Scale foram aplicados para avaliar a capacidade funcional. A Escala de Eficácia das Quedas-Escala Internacional (FES-I-Brasil) foi utilizada para avaliar o medo de cair. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de correlação de Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e Spearman. Resultados: Houve associação dos grupos MetS e non-MetS em relação com os estratos de risco do índice TUG [p=0,02; OR=0,38; IC95% (0,16-0,91)]. Entre esses dois grupos, houve diferença significativa na média dos seguintes marcadores: escala de Berg (p=0,03); TUG (p=0,03); FES-I-Brazil (p=0,02). O índice de Kats e IPAQ não apresentaram associação significativa. Conclusões: Os idosos com SM apresentaram maior risco e medo de quedas quando comparados aos pacientes sem SM. No entanto, não houve variação na capacidade de caminhar ou no equilíbrio.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the most common metabolic abnormality in the population that predisposes to cardiovascular events and may be related to poor physical fitness and low functional capacity in the elderly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of metabolic changes in functional capacity and risk of falls in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 126 elderly subjects, 58 presented MetS and 68 without MetS, according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Katz Index, Tinetti Index, Timed Up and Go test and Berg Scale were applied to evaluate the functional capacity. Falls Efficacy Scale-International scale (FES-I-Brazil) was used to evaluate the fear of falling. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were used. Results: There was an association between the MetS and non-MetS groups in relation to the risk strata of the TUG index [p=0.02; OR=0.38; 95%CI (0.16-0.91)]. Between these two groups, there was a significant difference in the mean of the following markers: Berg scale (p=0.03); TUG (p=0.03); FES-I-Brazil (p=0.02). The Kats and IPAQ index did not show any significant association. Conclusions: Elderly patients with MetS presented higher risk and fear of falls when compared to patients without MetS. However, there was no variation in walking ability or balance.

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico (MetS) es la anormalidad metabólica más común en la población que predispone a eventos cardiovasculares y puede estar relacionado con un mal estado físico y una baja capacidad funcional en los ancianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la interferencia de los cambios metabólicos en la capacidad funcional y el riesgo de caídas en los ancianos. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 126 sujetos de edad avanzada, 58 presentaron MetS y 68 sin MetS, según los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes. Se aplicaron los índices Katz, Tinetti, Timed Up and Go y Berg Scale para evaluar la capacidad funcional. La Escala de Eficacia de las Caídas - Escala internacional (FES-I-Brasil) se utilizó para evaluar el miedo a las caídas. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizaron las pruebas de correlación de Mann-Whitney, Chi-cuadrado y Spearman. Resultados: Hubo una asociación entre los grupos MetS y no MetS en relación con los estratos de riesgo del índice TUG [p=0.02; OR=0,38; IC 95% (0.16-0.91)]. Entre estos dos grupos, hubo una diferencia significativa en la media de los siguientes marcadores: escala de Berg (p=0.03); TUG (p=0.03); FES-I-Brasil (p=0.02). El índice de Kats e IPAQ no mostró ninguna asociación significativa. Conclusiones:Los pacientes de edad avanzada con síndrome metabólico presentaron mayor riesgo y miedo a las caídas en comparación con los pacientes sin síndrome metabólico. Sin embargo, no hubo variación en la capacidad para caminar o el equilibrio.

Oxidative stress markers in cognitively intact patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Various forms of vascular injury are frequently associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Macro-angiopathy has alarming signs and symptoms such as those seen with stroke or heart attack, however the presentation of small vessel disease is generally more subtle and therefore usually unnoticed for a long period of time. While it may affect any organ, complications involving the nervous system such as diabetic poly-neuropathy (DPN) are especially debilitating, and it may also be a risk factor for other brain disorders such as dementia. The underlying mechanisms are likely to be multi-faceted, but piling evidence indicates oxidative stress as one of the crucial factors. Here we evaluate the oxidative profile of patients with DM2. The total anti-oxidant capacity appears to be reduced in DM2 with or without complications. Of the specific bio-markers studied, the levels of tissue-damage indicator malon-dialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the DM2 + DPN population only. These results suggest that diabetic patients present with wavering oxidative status, and the low MDA concentrations in patients with complications such as DPN may represent either an exhausted anti-oxidative defense system or a response to anti-inflammatory medications. The findings may also support the use of anti-oxidants such as vitamins A and E.

Aerobic and resistance exercise in patients with resistant hypertension / Exercício aeróbico e resistido em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente / Ejercicio aeróbico y resistido en pacientes con hipertensión arterial resistente

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical training is recommended by current guidelines as a preventive measure and as a tool to supplement pharmacological therapy in the treatment of hypertension and its pathological manifestations. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the best training prescription for blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension. Objective: To evaluate the effect, over twelve weeks, of an aerobic and resistance exercise program on blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical parameters of patients with resistant hypertension. Methods: Eleven patients with resistant hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training and aerobic training. Blood pressure was recorded by 24-hour outpatient monitoring before and after 12-week training. The Student t-test was used to compare resistance and aerobic exercise groups, while the paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze pre- and post-exercise data. The level of significance was 0.05. Results: In the group that underwent aerobic training, mean systolic, diastolic and total blood pressure readings were significantly lower over the 24 hours analyzed, dropping by 14 mmHg, 7 mmHg and 10 mmHg, respectively, and in the waking period. The resistance training group showed no significant change in blood pressure, despite the significant improvement in HDL levels. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of aerobic exercises resulted in significantly lowered blood pressure in individuals with resistant hypertension, while resistance exercises were more effective in increasing HDL. Level of evidence II, Therapeutic study.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento físico é recomendado pelas diretrizes atuais como medida preventiva e como ferramenta adicional à terapia farmacológica no tratamento da hipertensão e de suas manifestações patológicas. No entanto, são muitas as incertezas acerca da melhor prescrição de treinamento para controle da pressão arterial em portadores de hipertensão arterial resistente. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito, em 12 semanas, de um programa de exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos sobre parâmetros pressóricos, antropométricos e bioquímicos de pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente. Métodos: Onze pacientes com hipertensão resistente foram divididos em dois grupos aleatoriamente: treinamento resistido e treinamento aeróbico. A pressão arterial foi registrada por monitoramento ambulatorial de 24 horas antes e após o treinamento de 12 semanas. Para a comparação dos grupos com exercício resistido e aeróbico foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Para analisar os dados pré e pós-exercício foram utilizados os testes t-pareado e Wilcoxon. O nível de significância foi de 0,05. Resultados: No grupo que realizou o treinamento aeróbico, os valores médios de pressão sistólica e diastólica e sua média foram significativamente mais baixos no total das 24 horas analisadas, com quedas de 14 mmHg, 7 mmHg e 10 mmHg, respectivamente, e no período de vigília. O grupo de treinamento resistido não apresentou alteração significativa da pressão arterial, apesar da melhora significativa dos níveis de HDL. Conclusão: Doze semanas de exercícios aeróbicos resultaram em redução da pressão arterial de forma significativa em hipertensos resistentes, enquanto que os exercícios resistidos se mostraram mais eficazes no aumento do HDL. Nível de evidência II, Estudos terapêuticos.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento físico es recomendado por las directrices actuales como medida preventiva y como herramienta adicional a la terapia farmacológica en el tratamiento de la hipertensión y sus manifestaciones patológicas. Sin embargo, son muchas las incertidumbres sobre la mejor prescripción de entrenamiento para el control de la presión arterial en pacientes con hipertensión resistente. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto, en doce semanas, de un programa de ejercicios aeróbicos y resistidos sobre los parámetros de presión arterial, bioquímicos y antropométricos de los pacientes con hipertensión resistente. Métodos: Once pacientes con hipertensión resistente se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: entrenamiento resistido y entrenamiento aeróbico. La presión arterial se registró por monitoreo ambulatorio de 24 horas antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento. Para la comparación de los grupos con ejercicio resistidos y ejercicios aeróbicos se utilizó la prueba t de Student. Para analizar los datos antes y después del ejercicio se utilizaron las pruebas t-pareado y de Wilcoxon. El nivel de significación fue de 0,05. Resultados: En el grupo que realizó el entrenamiento aeróbico, los valores promedios de presión sistólica diastólica y su media fueron significativamente más bajos en el total de las 24 horas analizadas, con caídas de 14 mm Hg, 7 mmHg y 10 mmHg, respectivamente, y en el periodo de vigilia. El grupo de entrenamiento resistido no presentó alteración significativa de la presión arterial, a pesar de la mejora significativa de los niveles de HDL. Conclusión: Doce semanas de ejercicio aeróbico resultaron en reducción de la presión arterial de manera significativa en la hipertensión resistente, mientras que los ejercicios resistidos fueron más eficaces en el aumento del HDL. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudios terapéuticos.

Evaluating the effects of exercise on cognitive function in hypertensive and diabetic patients using the mental test and training system.

OBJECTIVES: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are important risk factors for developing cognitive impairment. General life-style changes including physical training are known to reduce elevated blood pressure and sugar levels, as well as improve mental health. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether supervised physical exercise enhances the cognitive status of patients with chronic diseases. METHODS: Volunteers with SAH, DM or SAH + DM participated in either aerobic or resistance training during a period of 12 weeks. Several domains of cognitive functions were evaluated using the mental test and training system before and after the 3 months. RESULTS: Participants with either of these chronic diseases demonstrated significantly improved attention and concentration, but not reaction time, following the supervised exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Structured physical training promotes several aspects of cognitive functions in diabetic and hypertensive patients.

Efeitos agudos da ingestão de bebidas energéticas sobre os paramêtros hidro-eletrolíticos durante exercício em esteira / Acute effects of energy drink intake on hydro-electrolytic parameters during the exercise on a treadmill

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se bebidas enegéticas com diferentes composições nutricionais afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência. Doze homens participaram desse estudo duplo cego e crossover randomizado, ingerindo 3mg.kg-1 de cafeína de bebida energética convencional e sugar free, e um placebo carboidratado e não cafeinado, 40 minutos antes de sessão de exercício em ambiente termoneutro. Em cada situação experimental, os avaliados realizaram exercício de corrida em esteira com duração de 60 minutos e intensidade constante entre 65 e 75% do VO2max, seguidos por um sprint correspondendo a 100% do VO2max até a exaustão. Foram avaliados o peso corporal (PC), desidratação absoluta e relativa, densidade da urina, taxa de sudorese e níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito. Durante o exercício os avaliados receberam somente água a cada 15 minutos. Foi verificada alteração nos níveis de densidade da urina antes e depois do exercício para todos os tratamentos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre as bebidas nos níveis de Na+, K+ e hematócrito (p>0,05) mantendo-se dentro dos níveis de normalidade. Conclui-se que diferentes tipos de bebidas energéticas não afetam o balanço hidro-eletrolítico de corredores de resistência ao longo do exercício.

ABSTRACT This work compares the effects promoted by energy drinks with diferente nutricional compositions on the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners. Twelve men participated in this double blinded, randomized crossover study, ingesting 3mg*Kg-1 of a conventional energy drink with caffeine or sugar-free, and a placebo 40-minutes before tests on thermoneutral environment. The duration of the session was 60 minutes with constant intensity between 65 and 75% of VO2max, followed by a sprint corresponding to 100% of VO2max until exhaustion. There were evaluated body weight (BW), absolute and relative dehydration, urine density, sweating rate and Na+, K+ and hematocrit levels. During the exercise, the participants drunk only water every 15 minutes. Changes in urine density levels were observed before and after exercise for all procedures (p <0.05). There was no significant difference on the levels of Na+, K+ and hematocrit between the drinks (p> 0.05), remaining within normal levels. It is concluded that different types of energy drinks do not affect the hydro-electrolytic balance of resistance runners during the exercise.

Glycemic index of pre-exercise meal in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review / índice glicêmico da refeição pré-exercício no diabetes mellitus: uma revisão sistemática / índice glicémico de comida pre-ejercicio en la diabetes mellitus: una revisión sistemática

Physical exercise and diet quality are essential for glycemic control of diabetic patients, but consideration must be given to the risk of hypoglycemia in response to exercise. Therefore this study aims at 1) conducting a systematic review of the glycemic index (GI) of the pre-exercise meal and of glycemic behavior during and after aerobic exercise in diabetic subjects, and 2) discussing the safest and most appropriate pre-exercise nutritional guidance for this population. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), two researchers independently undertook a systematic search. A third researcher participated in the selection of articles due to the presence of discrepancies. We selected two studies which both suggest that a low glycemic index (GI) meal is the best pre-exercise option, one of which suggests that the optimal time for food intake is 30 minutes before exercise. However, these results are not sufficient to define a clinical conduct, and other studies are needed to elucidate whether GI is a relevant parameter for pre- and post-exercise clinical monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly as regards to the different guidelines for type 1 and type 2 DM. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic Study.

Exercício físico e qualidade da alimentação são fundamentais para o controle glicêmico dos pacientes diabéticos, porém é necessário considerar o risco de hipoglicemia em resposta ao exercício. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo são: 1) conduzir uma revisão sistemática sobre o índice glicêmico (IG) da refeição pré-exercício e do comportamento glicêmico durante e após exercício aeróbico em diabéticos e 2) discutir qual orientação nutricional pré-exercício seria mais adequada e segura nessa população. Em concordância com os Itens de Relatório Preferidos para Revisões Sistemáticas e Metanálises (PRISMA), dois pesquisadores independentes realizaram uma busca sistemática. Um terceiro pesquisador participou da seleção dos artigos por causa da presença de discrepâncias. Foram selecionados dois estudos e ambos sugerem que a refeição de baixo índice glicêmico (IG) é a melhor opção pré-exercício, e um deles sugere que o tempo ideal para ingestão alimentar é 30 minutos antes do exercício. Porém, esses resultados não são suficientes para definir uma conduta clínica, sendo necessários outros estudos para elucidar se o IG é um parâmetro relevante para o monitoramento clínico do paciente com diabetes mellitus (DM) antes e depois do exercício, principalmente com relação às orientações distintas às do DM tipo 1 e tipo 2. Nível de evidência II; Estudo Prognóstico.

Ejercicio físico y la calidad de los alimentos son esenciales para el control glucémico de la diabetes, sin embargo, es necesario prestar atención al riesgo de hipoglucemia en respuesta al ejercicio. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este estudio son: 1) Realizar una revisión sistemática del índice glucémico (IG) de la comida previa al ejercicio y el comportamiento de la glucemia durante y después del ejercicio aeróbico en los diabéticos y 2) discutir cuál orientación nutricional previa al ejercicio sería más apropiada y segura en esta población. En conformidad con los ítems de Informe Preferido para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-análisis (PRISMA), dos investigadores llevaron a cabo, de forma independiente, una búsqueda sistemática y observaron divergencia; y un tercer investigador participó en la selección de artículos. Se seleccionaron dos estudios, y ambos sugieren que la comida de bajo índice glucémico es la mejor opción antes del ejercicio; uno de ellos sugiere que el tiempo antes de la ingesta de alimentación adecuada es de 30 minutos. Sin embargo, estos resultados no son suficientes para definir una conducta clínica y se necesitan otros estudios para dilucidar si IG es un parámetro relevante para el monitoreo clínico del paciente con diabetes mellitus (DM), durante y después del ejercicio, principalmente en relación con las diferentes orientaciones de DM tipo 1 y tipo 2. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio Pronóstico.

Interações entre exercício físico, álcool e fígado / Interactions between physical exercise, alcohol and liver

A ingesta crônica de álcool causa danos tóxicos diretos e indiretos e as principais alterações são causadas pelo seu próprio metabolismo. O etanol aumenta o estresse oxidativo principalmente no fígado, reduz a relação NAD+/NADH, aumenta a produção de acetaldeído e altera a função mitocondrial. Essas alterações são frequentemente associadas com o aumento de produtos da peroxidação lipídica, essenciais ao desenvolvimento da doença hepática alcóolica (DHA). Os exercícios físicos moderados parecem não influenciar significativamente as características morfológicas do tecido hepático ou a função hepática. Em exercícios pesados e prolongados, observam-se estresse oxidativo, alterações histológicas, prejuízo da farmacocinética e níveis alterados de enzimas hepáticas. Cessado o exercício alguns dias, parece havervrecuperação da função hepática normal. As alterações hepáticas com o exercício agudo parecem ser transitórias e possivelmente contribuem para a homeostase. A atividade física parece ter alguma influência direta na patologia hepática, além da simples modificação dos níveis de gordura no fígado e parece que a intensidade da atividade física é importante para prevenir a progressão da doença. Entender os mecanismos subjacentes da doença hepática auxiliaria na descoberta de intervenções para reduzir a progressão dessa doença de uma condição benigna, como a esteatose, para formas graves como esteatohepatite, fibrose e cirrose. Portanto, exercícios podem ser uma terapia útil para melhorar a performance e a capacidade funcional em indivíduos com doença hepática, porém não está claro na literatura se o exercício físico pode restaurar a saúde hepática e nem qual seria a quantidade e o tipo de exercício necessários. (AU)

Chronic alcohol intake causes direct and indirect toxic damage and major changes are caused by their own metabolism. Ethanol increases oxidative stress primarily in the liver, reduces NAD + / NADH ratio, increases the production of acetaldehyde and alters mitochondrial function. These changes are often associated with increased lipid peroxidation products that are essentiais to the development of alcoholic liver disease (ADH). The moderate intensity exercise does not seem to significantly influence the morphological characteristics of liver tissue or liver function. In heavy and prolonged exercise, oxidative stress, histological changes, impaired pharmacokinetics and altered levels of liver enzymes are noted. Liver function seems to improve a few days after the end of exercise. Hepatic changes with acute exercise appear to be transient and possibly contribute to homeostasis. Physical activity seems to have any direct influence on the liver pathology in addition to the simple modification of the levels of fat in the liver and it seems that the intensity of physical activity is important to prevent disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying hepatic disease, this could help find interventions to slow the progression of liver disease of a benign condition, such as steatosis to severe forms, such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Therefore, exercise can be a useful therapy to improve the performance and functional capacity in patients with liver disease, but it is not clear in the literature that the exercise can restore liver health and even what the quantity and type of needed exercise. (AU)

Obesity and association of anthropometric indicators with risk factors in teachers / Obesidade e associação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco em professores

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify general and central obesity, as well as the association of anthropometric indicators with cardiovascular risk factors (CvRF) in teachers of the private network of Viçosa-MG. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 150 teachers. Body Mass Index (BMI), Conicity Index (CI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Abdominal Circumference (AC) and Body Fat Percentage (%BF); Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP); Glycemia (GL), Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG) were evaluated. The prevalence of general and central obesity was calculated in addition to the simple linear regression to verify the association of anthropometric indicators between themselves and with CvRF. General and central obesity was identified in 19% and 17% of teachers respectively. The best associations between anthropometric indicators were between BMI and WHtR (R2 = 0.81), WHtR and AC (R2 = 0.78) and BMI and AC (R2 = 0.76), all of which were positive. Between anthropometric indicators and CvRF, the best associations were found between WHtR and TG (R2 = 0.25), AC and SBP (R2 = 0.18) and WHR and HDL-c (R2 = 0.19), the first two associations being positive and the last negative. It was concluded that approximately one in five teachers presented obesity. The general obesity indicator, BMI, was positively associated with anthropometric indicators and with most CvRF. However, central obesity indicators presented greater explanatory power on CvRF.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a obesidade geral e central, e a associação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCv) em professores da rede privada de Viçosa-MG. Foi realizado um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal em 150 professores. Foram avaliados Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Índice de Conicidade (IC), Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC), Relação Cintura Quadril (RCQ), Relação Cintura Estatura (RCE), Circunferência de Cintura (CC), Circunferência Abdominal(CA), Percentual de Gordura Corporal (%GC); Pressão arterial sistólica(PAS) e Pressão arterial diastólica (PAD); glicemia (GL), colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de alta densidade(HDL-C), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e triglicerídeos (TG). Foi realizado o cálculo das prevalências de obesidade geral e central, além da regressão linear simples para verificar a associação dos indicadores antropométricos entre si e com os FRCv. Obesidade geral e central foi identificado em 19% e 17% dos docentes respectivamente. As melhores associações entre os indicadores antropométricos se deram entre IMC e RCE (R2=0,81), RCE e CA (R2=0,78) e IMC e CA (R2=0,76), sendo todas positivas. Entre indicadores antropométricos e FRCv, as melhores associações encontradas foram entre RCE e TG (R2=0,25), CA e PAS (R2=0,18) e RCQ e HDL (R2=0,19), sendo as duas primeiras associações positivas e a última negativa. Conclui-se que aproximadamente um a cada cinco docentes apresentou obesidade. O indicador de obesidade geral, IMC, associou-se positivamente com os indicadores antropométricos e com a maioria dos FRCv. Contudo, os indicadores de obesidade central apresentaram um maior poder de explicação sobre os FRCv.

Euterpe edulis effects on cardiac and renal tissues of Wistar rats fed with cafeteria diet.

INTRODUCTION: This study's objective was to evaluate the antioxidant and toxic effects of E. edulison cardiac and renal tissues of Wistar rats fed with cafeteria diet. METHODS: Catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in cardiac muscle and renal tissue of 60 animals, which were randomly assigned for 10 equal groups. Half of the rats were fed with cafeteria diet and the other half with commercial chow, combined or not to E. edulislyophilized extract, E. edulis deffated lyophilized extract or E. edulisoil. Data were evaluated using ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. RESULTS: Data showed a significant increase of CAT activity in cardiac tissue of animals from the groups fed with cafeteria diet associated to E. edulis lyophilized extract at 5%, E. edulis lyophilized extract at 10% and E. edulis deffated lyophilized extract at 10%. In addition, the same result was found in animals from the groups fed with commercial chow and commercial chow combined with E. edulislyophilized extract at 10% in comparison to the group fed exclusively with cafeteria diet. GST and SOD enzyme activity showed significant increase in the heart tissue of animals nourished with commercial chow when compared to the groups fed with cafeteria diet. On the other hand, there were no significant differences enzymatic levels in renal tissues. CONCLUSION: The oil and the extract of E. edulishad an important role promoting an increase of antioxidant enzymes levels in cardiac muscle, which prevent the oxidative damage resulting from the cafeteria diet in Wistar rats. There were no evidenced signs of lipid peroxidation in renal or in cardiac tissue of the animals studied, indicating that the E. edulisuse did not promote any increase in malondialdehyde cytotoxic products formation. This show that both E. edulis oil and extracts evaluated in this study were well tolerated in the studied doses.